In view of the problems that the optimization algorithm of the current pipeline thermal insulation structure is unstable and the degree of optimization of the results is not high,a discrete mathematical model with economic benefits is established as the objective function,and the national heat dissipation loss standard is used as the constraint function.We improve the posi-tion update rules of the BPSO algorithm to prevent the swarm evolution from failing.Besides,the adaptive weight is used to in-crease the global and local search capabilities of the particles.We make full use of the idea of simulated annealing algorithm to avoid premature phenomenon.Combined with the improved algorithm,simulation experiments are carried out on the steam pipelines of ordinary steam pipelines and nuclear power plants,respectively.The results show that the algorithm can obtain the optimal solution under the condition of meeting the national heat dissipation loss standards,and can provide a reasonable opti-mization scheme for the pipeline insulation structure.