The development of shale oil and gas has significantly driven global growth in reserves and production,fundamentally altering the energy landscape.As shale oil and gas development progresses,including hydraulic fracturing and wastewater disposal,the frequency of induced seis-mic events near shale oil and gas fields has increased notably.While most of these events are mi-croseismic,destructive earthquakes occasionally occur in regions such as the Midwestern United States,Western Canada,and Southwestern China.The triggering mechanisms of destructive in-duced earthquakes are complex,involving static Coulomb failure stress changes,poroelasticity,pore-fluid pressure diffusion,and aseismic slip,and have been studied worldwide.This review summarizes the distribution and mechanisms of major destructive induced earthquakes related to shale oil and gas globally.It systematically discusses the basic conditions and triggering mecha-nisms of typical induced earthquakes in several regions,including the Horn River Basin in British Columbia,Canada;the Fox Creek area in Alberta,Canada;the Raton Basin in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico,United States;Oklahoma in the United States;Rongchang in Chongqing,China;and the Changning-Xinjiang area in Sichuan,China.Additionally,this re-view presents prospective prediction and control measures for induced earthquakes and concludes with a summary and outlook on the current status and progress of research related to induced earthquakes from shale oil and gas development.
shale oil and gashydraulic fracturingwastewater treatmenttriggering mecha-nismsprospective predictiontraffic light system
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