In 2007,France had launched a round of university governance reforms to build world-class universities and increase the competitiveness of French higher education institutions(HEIs)in the global arena.Guided by the principles of"New Public Management"(NPM),these reforms introduced three changes:1)giving universities greater autonomy;2)delegating quality assurance to independent agencies(or,"agencification")and designing market mechanisms for resource allocation;and 3)encour-aging alliances,mergers,and acquisitions among HEIs to create synergies.These reforms aroused people's concern about the end of the French model of higher education.However,an in-depth examination reveals that the main characteristics of French higher education(i.e.,free or quasi-free access,a dual system of"Universités"and"Grands Ecoles")remain unchanged,because of the influence of time-honored French values of equality and elitism.In fact,any higher education reform in France is unlikely to transform,but only modify,the French model.
world-class universitiesthe French modeluniversity governance reformscultural values
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