In response to the shifting geopolitical landscape and technological advancements,the EU has witnessed a notable intensification in its economic and trade protectionist measures.These have manifested in several distinctive ways,including the diversification of policy instruments,the expansion of coverage,the embrace of a pan-security and pan-ideological approach.The reasons for this trend are complex and diverse,including the rise of radical right politics,geopolitical tensions,and the self-protection orientation for pursuing strategic autonomy.As one of the most important economic and trade actors in the world,the EU's move toward protectionism not only affects its development,but also undermines its bilateral economic and trade relations with trading partners such as China and even the global economic and industrial structure.
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