Hardness ions(Ca2+,Mg2+)in water can form precipitates in boilers and pipelines,causing many problems in industrial production and daily life.Water softening treatment is a process to remove hardness ions in hard water.In this paper,basic principles and latest progress of ion exchange softening water method,membrane softening water method,and chemical precipitation method for water hardness removal are introduced,and the advantages and disadvantages of these methods are analyzed.Potential research directions for hardness water removal technologies in the future are prospected.
water hardness removalion exchange softening water methodmembrane softening water methodchemical precipitation methodprospect
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