背景:金属有机骨架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)是一种由金属节点和有机配体组成的新型多孔材料.部分MOFs自身即具备光热转化能力或光动力效应,亦可作为载体负载光热剂或光敏剂,在激光诱导下产生活性氧或升高温度发挥光疗作用,被广泛应用于抗菌及抗肿瘤等生物医学领域.当MOFs同时具有这两种光疗作用时,可发挥协同治疗的效应,以弥补单独使用一种光疗方法的不足.目的:按照不同的结构总结目前提出的MOFs光热/光动力联合治疗策略,以期为联合治疗材料MOFs的结构设计、功能负载及临床应用场景提供新的思路.方法:以"金属有机骨架/金属有机框架,光动力治疗,光热治疗"为中文检索词,"Metal-organic frameworks,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy,phototherapy"为英文检索词,检索了PubMed、Web of Science、ScienceDirect、中国知网和万方数据库的文献,最终纳入76篇进行综述分析.结果与结论:①光热/光动力联合治疗可发挥相互增强的协同作用.②现有光热/光动力联合治疗策略主要包括了改性MOFs骨架赋予其光热、光动力效应,将光疗剂封装于MOFs,光疗剂与MOFs形成核壳结构,光疗剂在MOFs内原位还原,将光疗剂附着于MOFs表面以及热解MOFs以形成MOFs衍生的碳材料等其他特殊改性方法.③要构建特定的光疗MOFs结构,必须综合考虑光疗剂和MOFs的种类、尺寸、结合方式,选择不同的合成策略.封装结构合成过程简单,但仅适用于小粒径光疗剂;核壳结构稳定,但合成过程繁复;原位还原对光疗剂尺寸无特殊限制,但难以精确控制光疗剂在MOFs内部的生长;表面附着结构的合成步骤简便,但不能避免光疗剂提前聚集猝灭;热解MOFs合成条件要求高,且只有特定的MOFs才能实现.④现有的光热/光动力联合治疗策略主要被应用于抗菌、抗肿瘤治疗并表现出优异性能,具体的应用领域与光疗剂和MOFs自身的性质有关,还有部分用于类风湿性关节炎、抗凝溶栓治疗,其潜在应用场景十分广阔.⑤光热剂和光敏剂的临床转化目前仍处于起步阶段,其面临的关键挑战包括生物安全性评估激光照射参数的优化以及高效大规模合成方法的开发.
Strategies and development of photothermal and photodynamic synergistic therapy of metal-organic frameworks
BACKGROUND:Metal-organic framework is an emerging porous material composed of metal nodes and organic ligands.Metal-organic frameworks can be both intrinsic photodynamic or photothermal and modified by photothermal agents or photosensitizers.Upon light irradiation,phototherapy effects are exerted through production of reactive oxygen species or rise in temperature,which is widely applied to antitumor and antibacterial treatments.When metal-organic frameworks possess both of above phototherapeutic effects,they can exert a synergistic therapeutic effect to compensate for the shortcomings of using a single phototherapy method.OBJECTIVE:To summarize recent proposed photodynamic-thermal synergistic strategies according to different structures of metal-organic frameworks,to provide new insights into the structural design,functionalization,and clinical scenarios of combined therapy metal-organic frameworks.METHODS:Using"metal-organic frameworks,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy"as Chinese search terms and"metal-organic frameworks,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy,phototherapy"as English search terms,articles were searched on PubMed,Web of Science,ScienceDirect,CNKI,and WanFang databases.Finally,76 articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The combination of photothermal and photodynamic therapy has been shown to exert a synergistic effect.(2)Current strategies for combined photothermal and photodynamic therapy predominantly involve the modifying of metal-organic frameworks to impart photothermal and photodynamic properties,encapsulating phototherapeutic agents within metal-organic frameworks,forming core-shell structures with phototherapeutic agents and metal-organic frameworks,in-situ reduction of phototherapeutic agents within metal-organic frameworks,adhering phototherapeutic agents to metal-organic framework surfaces,and unique modification methods like pyrolyzing metal-organic frameworks to form metal-organic frameworks-derived carbon materials.(3)To construct metal-organic framework structures for specific phototherapy,it is essential to comprehensively consider the type,size,and binding of the phototherapeutic agents and metal-organic frameworks,and select different synthesis strategies accordingly.Encapsulation is a straightforward synthesis approach but is only suitable for small-sized phototherapeutic agents.Core-shell structures are stable,but their synthesis process is relatively complex.In situ reduction does not impose special restrictions on the size of phototherapeutic agents,but it is challenging to precisely control the growth of the phototherapeutic agents within the metal-organic frameworks.Surface attachment offers a simple synthesis step,but it cannot prevent the early aggregation and quenching of phototherapeutic agents.Surface attachment requires stringent conditions and can only be implemented with specific metal-organic frameworks.(4)The existing photothermal and photodynamic combined therapy approaches have been primarily applied in antimicrobial and antitumor treatments,demonstrating remarkable efficacy.The specific applications are related to the properties of the phototherapeutic agents and metal-organic frameworks.A minority of applications extend to rheumatoid arthritis and anticoagulation thrombolysis treatments,indicating a broad potential application scope.(5)The clinical translation of photothermal and photosensitizing agents is currently in its nascent stage,facing key challenges that include the evaluation of biocompatibility and biosafety,optimization of laser irradiation parameters,and the development of efficient methods for large-scale synthesis.
万方数据
维普
