摘要
自1888年修建第一座隧道——狮球岭铁路隧道以来,中国隧道支护结构设计理论及方法的发展经历了起步阶段、探索阶段、发展阶段及创新阶段.隧道围岩分级由单一指标的定性分级方法,发展到基于多指标的综合分级方法;隧道围岩压力由塌方荷载,发展到形变压力;隧道支护结构内力计算方法由不考虑围岩抗力的"荷载-结构"法,发展到考虑围岩抗力的"荷载-结构"法及"地层-结构"法;隧道支护结构安全度检算由容许应力法及破损阶段法,发展到基于可靠度理论的概率极限状态法.隧道支护结构设计理论及方法总体上由依赖经验的类比设计和标准设计方法,逐渐向半定量和完全数值定量的解析设计方法转变,并向信息化、智能化方向发展.文章系统地回顾了我国隧道工程建设情况、隧道围岩分级、隧道支护结构内力计算方法及安全度检算方法的发展历程,总结了我国隧道支护结构设计理论及方法在各阶段的技术突破,展望了以主动支护为核心的隧道支护结构智能设计方法.
Abstract
Since the construction of the Shiqiuling Railway Tunnel,the first tunnel of China,in 1888,the develop-ment of tunnel support structure design theory and method in China has gone through the stages of inception,explo-ration,development,and innovation.The classification of tunnel surrounding rock has evolved from a qualitative method based on a single indicator to a comprehensive method based on multiple indicators.The concept of tunnel surrounding rock pressure has developed from collapse load to deformation pressure.The calculation method for the internal forces of tunnel support structures has evolved from the"loadstructure"method,which did not consider the resistance of surrounding rock,to the"load-structure"and"stratum-structure"methods that take into account the resistance of surrounding rock.The safety check calculation of tunnel support structures has developed from the al-lowable stress method and the damaged stage method to the probabilistic limit state method based on reliability theory.Overall,the theory and method of tunnel support structure design have gradually shifted from empirical analogy de-sign and standard design methods to semi-quantitative and fully quantitative analytical design methods,with develop-ment towards informatization and intelligence.This paper systematically reviews the development history regarding the construction of tunnel engineering,classification of tunnel surrounding rock,calculation methods for the internal forces of tunnel support structures,and safety check methods in China,summarizes the technical breakthroughs in tunnel support structure design theory and method at each stage,and looks forward to the intelligent design methods of tunnel support structures centered on active support.
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