Anal cancer is a rare cancer that accounts for about 2％of all gastrointestinal tract malignancies.Among anal cancer,squamous cell cancer is the most common malignancy.The incidence of anal squamous cell cancer has been increasing recently.Human papillomavirus infection and immunosuppression are major risk factors for anal cancer.The management of anal cancer has evolved over the past several decades and continues to do so.Chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay for treatment for most patients with early-stage disease,whereas systemic therapy is the primary treatment for patients with metastatic disease.Patients with persistent disease or recurrence following chemoradiation therapy are treated with salvage surgery.The latest research shows that using chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy can improve the prognosis of patients with advanced anal cancer.This article systematically reviews the current status of diagnosis and treatment of anal canal cancer,and discusses the current difficulties and future development of anal canal cancer treatment.
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