Childhood Emotional Maltreatment and Early Adolescents'Smartphone Addiction Severity:The Mediating Roles of General and Social Anxiety and the Moderating Role of Family Socioeconomic Status
In recent years,researchers have paid increased attention to the developmental sequela of early maltreatment experiences,including addictive behaviors.Emotional abuse and neglect are particularly influential in shaping children's later socioemotional functioning because,compared to the other types of early maltreatment,they are more pervasive and their consequences are often not immediately observable.Notably,research on the link between emotional maltreatment and early adolescents'addictive behaviors is limited in its primary focus on the direct associations,leaving the underlying mechanisms underexamined,and in its lack of differentiation between emotional abuse and emotional neglect.Based on the addiction compensation theory,this study sought to examine the links between early emotional abuse and emotional neglect and early adolescents'smartphone addiction severity using data from a sample of 844,7th graders from H province,China.This study also tested the mediating roles of general and social anxiety given that they may exhibit differential roles in explaining how early emotional maltreatment may elevate the risk of early adolescents'smartphone addiction.Specifically,early emotional abuse and emotional neglect may contribute to the formation of individuals'shame-based cognitive-emotional scheme,which results in individuals'habitual hiding from others and ultimately leads to social anxiety.Further,family socioeconomic status(SES)may also factor into the associations among early emotional abuse and emotional neglect,general and social anxiety,and early adolescents'smartphone addiction.On the one hand,early adolescents from low SES families have limited resources that are unfavorable for development and thus the negative impact of early emotional abuse and neglect,such as anxious symptoms,would be stronger than those from high SES families.On the other hand,the lack of social support in family settings with low SES also may diminish adolescents'resilience to cope with the consequences of early emotional maltreatment.Thus,the moderating role of family SES was examined in this study.The present path models revealed that early adolescents'social anxiety only mediated the positive associations between early emotional abuse and their smartphone addiction severity.Moreover,the mediating effect of social anxiety was only present in early adolescents from families with high SES.These results delineated how early emotional abuse and emotional neglect may uniquely relate to early adolescents'smartphone addiction via their associations with general and social anxiety.The incorporation of social anxiety beyond the general anxiety highlighted the importance of differentiating the two types of anxiety as well as documenting their respective roles.Further,the results also point to the necessity of moving beyond the average population to further explore the potential heterogeneity in the currently examined associations across different subgroups.The findings provide insights for future trauma-informed interventions that aim to reduce the incidence of early adolescents'smartphone addiction.Specifically,for early adolescents with early emotional abuse and neglect experiences,practitioners should attend to their potential anxious symptoms.Moreover,for early adolescents from high SES families carrying the burdens of early emotional maltreatment,special attention is needed because of their potential social anxiety issues.
early emotional maltreatmentearly adolescents'smartphone addictionsocial anxietygeneral anxietyfamily socioeconomic status
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