The promotion of breastfeeding intention and extension of breastfeeding duration are the current problems which should be addressed in the field of mother-infant in China.Despite the benefits of breast-milk and being willing to breastfeed,the vast majority of mothers feel powerless in the actual feeding process.Psycho-social factors are the key factors that make them feel powerless about breastfeeding.So far,psycho-social factors have been found to play a significant role in breastfeeding behavior.The Theory of Planned Behavior(TPB)is often used to discuss the relationship between psycho-social factors and breastfeeding behavior.The classic TPB breastfeeding model is still insufficient in predicting as most previous studies have only examined the influence of one or some of these factors on breastfeeding behavior.The extended breastfeeding TPB model has the potential to improve the effectiveness of TPB constructs to understand breastfeeding behavior.Nevertheless,there remains a lack of in-depth discussion and analysis in theory.Empirical studies on the psycho-social factors that influence breastfeeding behavior,based on the TPB,have been reviewed.According to the behavioral characteristics of breastfeeding,psycho-social factors such as affective attitudes,instrumental attitudes,subjective norms,perceived behavioral control,self-efficacy,moral norms,breastfeeding knowledge,and self-identity that are based on TPB of breastfeeding can effectively explain the breastfeeding intention and duration of mothers.Regarding the attitudes towards breastfeeding,affective attitudes are significantly more effective than instrumental attitudes in explaining breastfeeding intentions,while instrumental attitudes are ineffective in predicting the duration of breastfeeding.As for the breastfeeding subjective norms,the norms inherited from elderly women in the family and hospital midwives can make difference to the intention of breastfeeding.In spite of this,only the norms inherited from elderly women in the family can play a significant role in predicting the duration of breastfeeding.While perceived behavioral control of breastfeeding can predict breastfeeding intention,its predictive role for breastfeeding duration varies across studies.The self-efficacy of breastfeeding exerts a significant positive effect on the intention and duration of breastfeeding,which supports new mothers in overcoming the difficulties when feeding their children.Breastfeeding moral norms,knowledge,and self-identification can all explain mothers'breastfeeding intentions and duration.These factors are even more predictive than attitudes as reported by some previous studies.Future research should improve the theoretical model of breastfeeding TPB and conduct more localized prediction and intervention studies of breastfeeding.First,it is still not clear whether each influencing factor plays a unique role in the extended TPB model,or whether there is any association between these influencing factors.Thus,the integration and verification of the extended TPB model of breastfeeding is an important direction of further research.Second,"powdered milk","the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law","Generations nurturing"and other breastfeeding-related subjects in the context of Chinese culture shall be included in the research on breastfeeding TPB.Last,in the future intervention study,both doctors and midwives are supposed to enhance the positive effect of the intervention with breastfeeding by increasing their efforts to promote self-interested belief and active choice.
breastfeedingthe theory of planned behaviorpsycho-social factors
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