A new measurement invariance test method:Penalized alignment
In 2023,Asparouhov and Muthén proposed a new framework for structural equation modeling called the penalized structural equation modeling(PSEM).The penalized alignment method exemplifies the utilization of PSEM within the field of measurement invariance testing.The penalized alignment method inherits the advantage of estimating cross-loadings from multiple-group exploratory factor analysis.It inherits the advantages of alignment method using alignment component loss function,and allowing for the existence of 20%to 30%noninvariant parameters in the model.It also incorporates the advantages of Bayesian structural equation modeling in setting prior distributions for model parameters and testing approximate measurement invariance of model parameters.Additionally,the penalized alignment method addresses limitations present in traditional measurement invariance testing methods.To illustrate the application of penalized alignment method,a study on work values among college students is employed as an example to showcase the utilization of the penalized alignment method for conducting measurement invariance testing and multiple-group analysis.Multiple-group CFA,CFA based penalized alignment,and ESEM based penalized alignment models are used to fit the data.
measurement invariance testingpenalized alignmentBayesian structural equation modelingexploratory structural equation modelalignment loss function prior
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