Objective To observe the effects of rhEPO in the treatment of nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anemia.Methods A total of 60 patients with NSCLC and mild to moderate anemia were selected and randomly divided into an experiment group and a control group (n=30,respectively).All patients received lung cancer chemotherapy in accordance with the established plan.In addition,the experiment group was treated with rhEPO while the control group was not.The levels of Hb during the treatment in the two groups were recorded weekly.The general physical condition and quality of life in the two groups were evaluated respectively before and after the treatment;at the end of the treatment,the effects in the two groups were evaluated.Results Eight weeks later,the Hb levels in the experiment group increased greatly and was significantly higher than that in the control group (P <0.05),while that in the control group had no obvious change;after the treatment,the ratio of patients whose general physical condition and quality of life were improved in the experiment group was significantly greater than that in the control group(P < 0.05).There was no significant difference in the effects on NSCLC between the two groups(P > 0.05).Conclusion rhEPO can significantly improve the anemia of patients with NSCLC,their general physical conditions and quality of life,and their tolerance for treatment;it is maybe helpful for improving the long-term prognosis of patients,which needs further study and confirmation.