Advances of Tetracaine in Forensic to Toxicological Analysis
Tetracaine is a common aromatic ester local anesthetic.Since the early 1930s,tetracaine has been wildly used in clinical practices,mostly for surface anesthesia,conduction anesthesia,spinal anesthesia,epidural anesthesia,but generally not for infiltration anesthesia.Yet,tetracaine can trigger off a lot of toxic reactions to the central nervous system and cardiovascular system in the course of medication.In addition,newborns with immature metabolic systems,the elderly,people with renal dysfunction and cardiac diseases and hepatic dysfunction,and pregnant women are high risk groups for local anesthetic systemic toxicity.In the last few years,with the rise of medical plastics and beauty industry,tetracaine has been gradually applied to cosmetic surgery,eyebrow tattooing,tattoos,and other fields.Nevertheless,the medical malpractice or cases of poisoning,shock and even death caused by improper operation of drugs into blood vessels,excessive dosage,and allergic reactions to drugs happen from time to time.Consequently,that not only brings a great threat to public health,but also gives rise to a large amount of hidden troubles for social stability.In current judicial practice,the cause of poisoning or death is usually inferred from the amount of drugs in the whole blood/heart blood sample or other biological tissues of the poisoned or deceased.Since tetracaine is rapidly hydrolyzed to metabolites(4-(butylamino)benzoic acid)by pseudocholine esterase in human blood,detection of tetracaine in human tissues or blood samples has been considered difficultly in practical cases.According to the above reasons,we review the research progress of tetracaine about its pharmacology,toxicological effects,metabolism in vivo,forensic toxicokinetics,metabolomics,and analytical technique in this article,which will be of reference value for forensic toxicological researchers.In the meantime,it is necessary to discuss the direction of in-depth study of tetracaine so as to provide reference for forensic toxicologist.
toxicological analysistetracainepharmacologytoxicological effectsmetabolism in vivo
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