Polystyrene microplastics facilitate the chronic toxicity and intergenerational effects of ZnO NPs on Daphnia magna
In the aquatic environment,microplastics(MPs)can become carriers of coexisting pollutants ow-ing to their adsorption capacity,causing biological toxicity and even intergenerational effects when swallowed by aquatic organisms.In this paper,we investigated the effects of polystyrene microplastics(PS MPs)on the chronic toxicity and intergenerational effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)on Daph-nia magna(D.magna).The results showed that PS MPs facilitate the chronic toxicity(21 d)of ZnO NPs on D.magna.Compared with the single ZnO NPs system,the physiological stress and behavioral in-hibition of D.magna in the composite system(PS MPs+ZnO NPs)were enhanced,while the energy con-tent such as carbohydrates and protein was decreased.The results of the reproductive toxicity test including the aqueous exposure to PS MPs and ZnO NPs on parental D.magna(F0)and reproductive decontamina-tion on the offspring(F1)indicated that PS MPs facilitate the intergenerational effects of ZnO NPs.Com-pared with the single ZnO NPs system,the brood hatchability of F0 and F1 in the PS MPs+ZnO NPs com-posite system was decreased by 19.4％and 21.9％respectively,while the zinc concentration of F1 was in-creased by 43.6％.Moreover,the results of visualization and quantitative analysis on PS MPs through Nile red staining combined with confocal microscopy showed that the excretion rate of PS MPs by D.magna was lower in the presence of ZnO NPs.
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