摘要
汉代西域纪功刻石是以表现西域汉匈战争为主题、颂扬将士战功的石制作品,它既是一种军事传播媒介,也是一种政治传播媒介,开后世边塞纪功刻石的先河.汉代西域纪功刻石的媒介形态多样,特色鲜明,既有图像雕刻,又有文字碑刻,颂扬的对象指向战争功臣而非君主,个人英雄主义色彩和世俗化色彩浓厚.从立碑时间和地点来看,汉代西域纪功刻石也具有很强的时效性和现场感.作为一种偏倚时间的、视觉化的宣传媒介,汉代西域纪功刻石是丝绸之路上东西方文明交流互鉴的结晶和产物,充分体现了一种"文化杂糅性".通过对汉代现存出土或文献记载中的纪功刻石的形制和文字的分析,我们还可以窥见汉帝国对边疆治理的手段及其治理思想.重视石头媒介和对外宣传,突显"武功",强化个人威望等因地制宜的策略,很好地适应了西域的情境和文化传统.这种边疆治理思想也对后世产生了深刻影响.
Abstract
The Western Regions'Commemorative Carved Stones of the Han Dynasty(Carved Stones)are stone works that celebrate the military achievements of the Han and Hun in the Western Regions.They served as a military and political communication medium,setting a precedent for later frontier commemorative carved stones.Their appearance also marks the conscious use of carved stones as a means of propaganda or commemoration by the Han people.As a new form of media for Han propaganda and commemoration,the Carved Stones have diverse and distinctive media forms.They combine image carvings with written inscriptions,celebrate the warriors rather than the monarchs,and have rich elements of individual heroism and secularization.Judging by the time and location of their erection,the Carved Stones also have a high degree of timeliness and immediacy.As a time-biased and visual communication medium,the Carved Stones are a crystallization and product of cultural exchange between the Eastern and Western civilizations on the Silk Road,fully reflecting a kind of cultural eclecticism.Through analyzing the form and text of the existing unearthed or documented commemorative stones in the Han Dynasty,we can also see the Han Empire's means and ideas of frontier governance.They include emphasizing stone media,publicizing military achievements,and strengthening personal prestige.They adapt to the conditions and cultural traditions of the Western Regions very well.These ideas also influenced later dynasties in their governance of the frontiers.
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