The optical transmission network carries the data transmission of physical layer and link layer,which is the core foundation of all communication networks.Therefore,as an important component of digital information infrastructure security,the importance of optical transmission network security is self-evident.This paper introduces the hierarchical structure of optical transmission network,analyzes the security risks at different levels,studies the relevant security countermeasures for the possible security threats to each layer,and finally summarizes the key points of the construction of the optical transmission network security protection system.