A review of hard carbon anodes for rechargeable sodium-ion batteries
Hard carbons(HCs)are recognized as potential anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)because of their low cost,environmental friendliness,and the abundance of their precursors.The presence of graphitic domains,numerous pores,and dis-ordered carbon layers in HCs plays a significant role in determining their sodium storage ability,but these structural features depend on the precursor used.The influence of functional groups,including heteroatoms and oxygen-containing groups,and the microstruc-ture of the precursor on the physical and electrochemical properties of the HC produced are evaluated,and the effects of carboniza-tion conditions(carbonization temperature,heating rate and atmosphere)are also discussed.
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