During the periods of ban on maritime trade in the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Chinese traders'commercial and trade activities in Korea underwent changes with the evolution of history.During the period of strict maritime ban,the normal trade patterns conducted by Chinese traders greatly shrank or even disappeared compared with those of in the Song and Yuan Dynasties,and special commercial activities and trading ways appeared,such as eunuch traders who relied on offcial trade,and illegal merchants who carried out smuggling trade.The special ways of trading by Chinese traders in Korea had a counter-devouring effect,prompting the Ming Dynasty to briefly open up non-governmental trade and the Qing Dynasty to completely open border trade,which restored the normal form of China-Korea trade to a certain extent.In general,the changes of the trading patterns were closely related to the foreign trade policy of the Ming and Qing Dynasties toward Korea.
the Ming and Qing Dynastiesban on maritime tradeKorea DynastyChinese traderstrading patternsevolution
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