What Kind of Pedagogical Agent as Learning Companions Do Learners Need in an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment?—A Study Based on Social Presence
The application of immersive virtual reality(IVR)technology does not consistently enhance learning outcomes,with learners'social presence emerging as a critical influencing factor.This study designed three types of pedagogical agents as learning companions(PALs):awareness-oriented,affective-oriented,and cognitive-oriented.It examed their effects on learners'social pres-ence,learning experience,cognitive processes,and learning outcomes.The findings indicate that all three PALs significantly improved learners'awareness dimension of social presence.Affective-oriented and cognitive-oriented PALs,to some extent,enhanced learners'cognitive processing and knowledge retention,while the cognitive-oriented PALs significantly facilitated knowledge transfer.Based on these results,the study proposes design and application strategies for PALs,offering theoretical insights for optimizing the functionali-ties of pedagogical agents in IVR environments,generative-AI-based pedagogical agents and virtual digital human.
Immersive virtual realityPedagogical agent as learning companionsSocial presencePedagogical agentVirtual digital humanEye-tracking
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