Objective To investigate the effects of nanoscale and microscale titanium(Ti)particles on M1 polarization of macrophages and their underlying mechanisms.Methods RAW264.7 macrophages were trea-ted with titanium nanoparticles(TiNPs)and titanium micron particles(TiMPs),respectively.Cell prolifera-tion was assessed using the CCK-8 assay.The effects and mechanisms of TiNPs and TiMPs in promoting M1 polarization of macrophages were investigated through cell morphology observation,RT-qPCR,ELISA,flow cytometry and Western Blot.Results Compared with the normal control(NC)group,the mRNA expression levels of M1 macrophage markers IL-1β,TNF-α,and IL-6,as well as the protein secretion of IL-1β,were sig-nificantly increased in the 100 μg/mL TiNPs and TiMPs groups(P＜0.05).Among them,the expression lev-els of the aforementioned markers in the TiNPs group were significantly higher than those in the TiMPs group(P＜0.05).Additionally,compared with the NC group,the expressions of p-p65 and p-IκB-α were signifi-cantly upregulated in the TiNPs group(P＜0.05),and the expression of the M1 macrophage marker CD86 was upregulated(P＜0.05).Conclusion TiNPs promote macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype,possibly through activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway.
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