Fluorine enrichment and mineralization in magmatic-hydrothermal systems
Fluorine is a moderately incompatible,highly mobile,and volatile element.It plays a pivotal role in geological processes such as magmatism and hydrothermal mineralization.Fluorite(CaF2),one of the most significant fluorine-bearing minerals in nature,is extensively used in vital fields such as chemical,aerospace and medicine.Its impact on national security,economy,and social development is profound.This paper offers a systematic summary of the geochemical characteristics of fluorine,its content in different reservoirs,and its enrichment and precipitation mechanisms in magmatic-hydrothermal systems.It also discusses the genesis and classification of fluorite deposits in combination with tectonic settings.Major understandings from the review include:(1)The crust and mantle are the primary reservoirs for fluorine.The bulk silicate earth and depleted mantle have relatively low fluorine content,while the metasomatized mantle and continental crust(including felsic upper crust and lower crust mafic granulite)are important fluorine-rich sources for the fluorite deposits.(2)There are differences in the Chinese and international classifications for fluorite deposits.Internationally,fluorite deposits have been classified into three types,i.e.,magmatic fluorite deposits associated with carbonatites,alkaline rocks or high-silica granites,structure-related fluorite deposits including breccia,vein and unconformity-related types,and strata-bound sedimentary fluorite deposits.In China,the classification including hydrothermal fluid filling and sedimentary reformation types is based on the main factors of mineralization processes.(3)Global large-scale fluorite deposits are usually linear or belt in distribution,closely related to the oceanic plate subduction or continental rifting;(4)Hydrothermal fluid pH,temperature,composition,solubility of fluorine-bearing minerals significantly affects fluorine enrichment and precipitation in the hydrothermal fluid.As fluorine is low in different geological samples,urgent research is needed to enhance the analytical techniques.Additionally,dating fluorite deposits poses challenges,therefore,improving the precision and accuracy of fluorite deposits dating remains a focus of future work.
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