The fragmentation of urban green spaces causes an imbalance in the supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services(CES),which affects the ecological functions and the well-being of urban residents.Evaluating CES in urban parks is crucial for sus-tainable urban development.By reviewing the relevant concepts of park CES assessment,11 types of CES functions and values,perception assessment,and supply-demand assessment perspectives were identified.The study explores four categories and 19 types of assessment methods,including direct monetary methods,indirect monetary methods,direct non-monetary methods,and indirect non-monetary methods,as well as three categories and 18 combinations of methods.The findings indicate:(1)Overall trend,the attention to park CES evaluations is increasing annually,but there needs to be more attention to CES categories and a need for more research at community and pocket parks.(2)Evaluation perspective,perception evaluations are much more focused on than value and supply-demand evaluations,resulting in limited comparability of results.(3)Evaluation methods,the trend is shifting from a single assessment model to a more diverse combination of methods,emphasizing the combination of stages to build a more efficient and flexible assessment framework and obtaining more comprehensive assessment results from multiple perspectives.
cultural ecosystem serviceevaluation methodsurban parkcategoriesevaluation perspective
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