首页|Engineering nanomedicines for immunogenic eradication of cancer cells:Recent trends and synergistic approaches
Engineering nanomedicines for immunogenic eradication of cancer cells:Recent trends and synergistic approaches
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Resistance to cancer immunotherapy is mainly attributed to poor tumor immunogenicity as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment(TME)leading to failure of immune response.Numerous therapeutic strategies including chemotherapy,radiotherapy,photodynamic,photothermal,magnetic,chemodynamic,sonodynamic and oncolytic therapy,have been developed to induce immuno-genic cell death(ICD)of cancer cells and thereby elicit immunogenicity and boost the antitumor immune response.However,many challenges hamper the clinical application of ICD inducers resulting in modest immunogenic response.Here,we outline the current state of using nanomedicines for boosting ICD of cancer cells.Moreover,synergistic approaches used in combination with ICD inducing nanomedicines for remodeling the TME via targeting immune checkpoints,phagocytosis,macrophage polarization,tu-mor hypoxia,autophagy and stromal modulation to enhance immunogenicity of dying cancer cells were analyzed.We further highlight the emerging trends of using nanomaterials for triggering amplified ICD-mediated antitumor immune responses.Endoplasmic reticulum localized ICD,focused ultrasound hyper-thermia,cell membrane camouflaged nanomedicines,amplified reactive oxygen species(ROS)genera-tion,metallo-immunotherapy,ion modulators and engineered bacteria are among the most innovative approaches.Various challenges,merits and demerits of ICD inducer nanomedicines were also discussed with shedding light on the future role of this technology in improving the outcomes of cancer immuno-therapy.
Ahmed O.Elzoghby、Omar Samir、Hagar E.Emam、Ahmed Soliman、Riham M.Abdelgalil、Yomna M.Elmorshedy、Kadria A.Elkhodairy、Mahmoud L.Nasr
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Division of Engineering in Medicine and Division of Renal Medicine,Department of Medicine,Brigham and Women's Hospital,Harvard Medical School,Boston 02115,MA,USA
Cancer Nanotechnology Research Laboratory(CNRL),Faculty of Pharmacy,Alexandria University,Alexandria 21521,Egypt
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