In the context of rapid urbanization,metropolitan areas are facing the risk of supply-demand mismatches among ecosystem services.Investigating the patterns,relationships,and driving factors of multiple supply-demand risks is of great significance to support the efficient management of regional ecological risks.We quantified the sin-gle/comprehensive supply-demand risk rates of six ecosystem services in Wuhan Metropolitan Area at the township scale in 2000,2010,and 2020.By applying the self-organizing feature map network and optimal parameter geo-detector,we identified supply-demand risks bundles of ecosystem services and influencing factors of comprehensive risks.The results showed significant spatial variations in the supply-demand risks of typical ecosystem services from 2000 to 2020.The supply-demand risk associated with grain production,water yield,carbon sequestration,and green space recreation increased,while soil conservation and water purification risks decreased.The comprehensive ecosystem services supply-demand risk increased from 0.41 to 0.45,indicating a'core area increase and periphery decrease'trend.Throughout the study period,the area exhibited bundles of comprehensive extremely high-risk bundles(B1),comprehensive high-risk bundles(B2),water purification high-risk bundles(B3),and grain pro-duction-soil conservation risk bundles(B4).The transition of risk types from B3 to B2 and from B2 to B,suggested an increase in the combination and intensity of supply-demand risk.Vegetation cover,nighttime light index,and population density were the main driving factors for spatial variations in comprehensive supply-demand risk.Ecologi-cal risk assessment based on ecosystem services supply-demand bundles could provide an effective and reliable way to regulate multiple regional risk issues.
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