Cellulose is a renewable source of biomass.Cellulase,an enzyme,can degrade cellulose into simple and usable sugars.This conversion process is green and low-carbon,making it a sustainable method for cellulose resource utilization.However,use of cellulase in practical engineering applications has certain disadvantages,such as high cost and low activity.Therefore,ongoing research efforts are focused on understanding the mechanism of cellulase production,with an aim to promote and optimize cellulase production.This review summarizes the latest advancements in genetic engineering techniques and research progress towards improving cellulase activity and production.In this review,we describe the enhancement of cellulase activity by promoter strength optimization,transcription factor regulation,codon optimization,CRISPR gene editing,and other molecular biological methods.By establishing a co-expression system with a variety of cellulases or other enzymes,cellulase can be heterologously expressed or overexpressed,ultimately resulting in enhanced enzyme activity,thereby broadening the applications of cellulase.Currently,great achievements have been made in optimizing the production and activity of cellulase.However,certain shortcomings,such as low optimization efficiency and difficulty in industrial production,still exist.Further investigations should prioritize investigating the synergistic effect of cellulase and explore the potential advantages of dual/multifunctional cellulase systems.Additionally,focus should be on developing novel technologies to optimize the expression of cellulase genes and exploring simple methods to determine cellulase activity using fluorescent labeling systems.These efforts are essential to provide guidelines and recommendations for the efficient utilization of cellulose.
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