Combined antiretroviral therapy(cART)can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication,increase peripheral blood CD4+T cells counts in individuals infected with HIV-1,which greatly reduces the incidence and mortality associated with HIV-1-related diseases.However,approximately 20％of patients fail to achieve immunological reconstitution following cART administration.While the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood,the impairment of intestinal tissue and mucosal immune microenvironment due to chronic HIV-1 infection is believed to play a significant role.Intestinal tissues are enriched with immune cells and are highly susceptible to HIV-1 infection,leading to intestinal mucosal tissue damage and increased intestinal permeability,which can result in dysbiosis and translocation of the intestinal microbiota.These alterations can not only trigger overall immune activation and systemic chronic inflammation in the patients,but also impair the immune reconstitution.Therefore,understanding the complex relationship among chronic HIV-1 infection,intestinal immune damage,and intestinal flora dysfunction holds significant implications for elucidating the mechanism of immune non-responders,identifying novel therapeutic targets,and developing new therapeutic strategies.Accordingly,this article summarizes the characteristics and clinical implication of intestinal immune cells and intestinal flora changes in patients with chronic HIV-1 infection.
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