The continuous emergence of emerging infectious diseases seriously endangers human health.Vac-cines,as a core approach of preventing infectious diseases,have played a critical role in the healthy development of the human society.After development during hundreds of years,vaccinology is gradually moving from relying on experience and observation to an innovative development stage based on new technologies such as modern mo-lecular biology,genetic engineering,and bioinformatics.Each innovation of vaccine technology will drive a rapid development in the vaccine field.At the same time,the development of vaccine science and the enrichment of vaccine products are closely linked to theoretical innovation,constantly changing the concept of traditional vac-cines.Modern vaccine technology and theoretical innovation provide more efficient ways and broader prospects for future innovative vaccine research and development.However,the development of innovative vaccines still faces many challenges.On the one hand,in the face of more complex new pathogens,especially pathogen muta-tions and individual differences in subjects,effective antigen selection and design will face greater challenges.On the other hand,even well-known pathogens,how to optimize design concepts to enhance immune efficacy,and how to quickly develop,evaluate,and produce innovative vaccines still face significant challenges.This paper in-troduces the key innovative technologies and theories in the development process of vaccinology from experience to innovation,and looks forward to the opportunities and challenges faced by innovative vaccine research and de-velopment,so as to provid ideas and references for innovative vaccine research and development.
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