Several Issues Concerning Song Dynasty Rural Management System-Focusing on"Rural Neighborhood"Writings in Song and Yuan Dynasty Local Records
Analyzing the"rural neighborhood"writings in Song and Yuan Dynasty local records can improve our understandings about the Song Dynasty rural management system,including the"Five neighborhoods one village"system implemented in certain areas in the early years of Northern Song Dynasty.Song Dynasty rural management system had dualistic features,on the one hand two sets of systems,administrative governance and spatial governance co-existed,on the other hand the idealistic responsibilities division and realistic concurrent functions in grassroots level administrative units are obvious.After the middle of Northern Song Dynasty,du and bao became the administrative units in actual operation in rural areas,but this does not mean that old grassroots units have completely exited the stage of rural management.As far as neighborhood is concerned,there were three ways for its integration into the new system:one,neighborhoods are directly taken as du;two,serving as geographical spatial foundation for du and bao arrangements;and three,serving as lower-level administrative units or directly taking the place of du,undertaking its administrative functions.The villages and communities recorded in the"neighborhood"categories of local records have two natures as natural villages and rural management system units.Administrative units such as tuan(团),guan(管),yu(隅),and wei(围)can be divided into two categories of phased and regional,the existence of which demonstrated the strong inclusiveness of Song Dynasty rural management system.
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