摘要
两晋南北朝地志所载祈雨仪礼上承商周秦汉,在记述上相较于祈雨史传诗文更加直观生动地展现了底层民众的社会风习与民间信仰.这些仪礼不仅在内容上涉及鞭石祈雨、牛龙祭祀、神山灵鸟、君臣祭祀等多种方式,在思想上更是紧密依托汉代阴阳五行学说,延续商周先民"雩祭"之礼,具有阴阳晴雨思想贯穿、祈雨元素共生互通、惩罚与自罚心理强化、人事与自然联结、泛神思想显著等鲜明特征,深刻体现了民间信仰的多元化与功能性、世俗性,是民众文化信仰与精神崇拜体的集中反映.同时,地志中由上至下的各类祈雨仪礼也展现出时人祈雨的主观能动性与纂者以民为本的民本思想,这些方面都充分显示地志作为一种特殊文献所具有的资料价值.
Abstract
Rain-praying rituals in geography records can be traced back to Shang,Zhou,Qin,and Han Dynasty.These recordings,in comparison with rain-praying history,biographies,poems,and proses more directly and vividly presented social customs and folk worships of common people at the bottom of society.These rituals not only involved various forms such as whipping rocks to pray for rain,offering ox sacrifice or irritating dragon gods,sacred mountains and spiritual birds,and monarchs and subjects sacrifices in terms of contents,but also closely relied on Yin-Yang and Five Elements theories in terms of thinking.Following the"rain worship"ceremonies of Shang and Zhou Dynasty,these rituals have distinctive features of Yin-Yang rain-shine thoughts,various rain-praying elements,psychological punishment/self-punishment,human affairs-nature connection,and striking pantheistic thoughts,deeply embody the pluralism,functionality,and secularity of folk worships,and centrally display the cultural faiths and spiritual worships of common people.Meanwhile,various rain-praying rituals top-down in the geography records also displayed subjective initiative of people at that time and the compilers'people-oriented thoughts,which fully demonstrated the reference value of geography records as a special kind of literature.
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