首页|Distribution,health and ecological risk assessments of trace elements in Nigerian oil sands
Distribution,health and ecological risk assessments of trace elements in Nigerian oil sands
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The Nigerian oil sands represent the largest oil sand deposit in Africa,yet there is little published infor-mation on the distribution and potential health and eco-logical risks of trace elements in the oil resource.In the present study,we investigated the distribution pattern of 18 trace elements(including biophile and chalcophile ele-ments)as well as the estimated risks associated with exposure to these elements.The results of the study indi-cated that Fe was the most abundant element,with a mean concentration of 22,131 mg/kg while Br had the lowest mean concentration of 48 mg/kg.The high occurrence of Fe and Ti suggested a possible occurrence of ilmenite(FeTiO3)in the oil sands.Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization showed that the possible sources of detected elements in the oil sands were geo-genic,metal production,and crustal.The contamination factor,geo-accumulation index,modified degree of con-tamination,pollution load index,and Nemerow pollution index indicated that the oil sands are heavily polluted by the elements.Health risk assessment showed that children were relatively more susceptible to the potentially toxic elements in the oil sands principally via ingestion exposure route(HQ＞1E-04).Cancer risks from inhalation are unlikely due to CR＜1E-06 but ingestion and dermal contact pose severe risks(CR＞1E-04).The high con-centrations of the elements pose serious threats due to the potential for atmospheric transport,bioaccessibility,and bioavailability.
BiophileChalcophileOil sandRisk assessmentTrace element
Odunayo T.Ore、Festus M.Adebiyi
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Department of Chemistry,Obafemi Awolowo University,Ile-Ife 220005,Nigeria
Department of Chemical Sciences,Achievers University,Owo,Nigeria
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