[目的]单原子催化剂(single atom catalysts,SACs)由于超高电催化效率而备受关注,特别是以碳为基础的碳基SACs,由于结构可调、孔道排列有序、原子利用率高、导电性好、孔隙率高、比表面积大和稳定性好等特点,被认为是一类极具发展潜力的新型电催化材料.[研究现状]综述近年来碳基SACs的合成工艺,包括热解法、湿化学法、电化学还原法、原位合成法和球磨法;这些方法具有不同的优缺点,可根据不同反应条件和需求选择合适的合成方法;总结碳基SACs在氧还原反应、析氧反应、析氢反应、氮还原反应、二氧化碳还原反应中的应用.[结论与展望]碳基SACs的合成工艺和性能有望得到进一步优化和提升;碳基SACs将在能源催化及环保等领域发挥更大的作用.
Advances in synthesis strategies of carbon-based single-atom catalysts and their electrochemical applications
Significance To address global challenges such as environmental pollution and energy crisis,there is an urgent need for a new and highly efficient energy-saving catalyst that can effectively respond to energy and environmental challenges as well as improve economic efficiency.In recent years,single-atom catalysts(SACs)have attracted significant attention due to their ultra-high electrocatalytic efficiency.Carbon-based SACs,in particular,are considered promising new electrocatalytic materials due to their tunable structures,ordered pore arrangements,high atom utilization,good electrical conductivity,high porosity,large spe-cific surface area,and excellent stability.These features make them particularly suitable for addressing the pressing energy and environmental issues in China.Progress In recent years,various synthesis techniques for carbon-based SACs have been extensively explored,including ther-mal decomposition,wet chemistry,electrochemical reduction,in situ synthesis and ball milling.Among these,the thermal decomposition method is noted for its simplicity in operation and high yield;the wet chemical method is prized for its high prod-uct purity,controllable structure and high catalyst activity;electrochemical deposition method offers simplicity in operation,suitable for large-scale production and has high catalyst activity;in-situ synthesis allows for controllable structure and morphol-ogy;and the ball milling method has a fast reaction speed,low energy consumption,and uniform product dispersion.In short,each method has its own merits and can be selected based on specific reaction conditions and requirements.In addition,the advancements in the application of carbon-based SACs in various electrochemical reactions,including oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),oxygen evolution reaction(OER),hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),nitrogen reduction reaction(NRR),and car-bon dioxide reduction reaction(CO2RR),are summarized.Taking ORR as an example,studies have shown that carbon-based SACs can effectively improve the activity and selectivity of ORR,while also greatly improving its industrial prospects due to their ultra-high atom utilization rate and excellent electrical conductivity.These catalysts also exhibit robust performance in HER,OER,NRR,and CO2RR.Furthermore,carbon-based SACs have many superior properties,including high specific surface area,controllable active sites,and good electron transport properties.These advantages give them an edge over many challenges faced by conventional catalysts and lay a solid foundation for their wide application in electrocatalysis.Conclusions and Prospects Carbon-based SACs will play a pivotal role in the future of energy and environmental protection.Ongoing research aims to further optimize and improve the synthesis process and performance characteristics of these materials for broader application in production.With their unique properties,carbon-based SACs are ideal candidates for a variety of applications requiring high performance and sustainability.As the field evolves,these catalysts are expected not only to revolu-tionize the field of energy catalysis,but also to significantly contribute to environmental protection efforts.Their ability to store and convert energy efficiently,while also being recyclable and environmentally friendly,makes them key players in the green revolution.Carbon-based SACs,as a new type of highly efficient electrocatalysts with high activity,high selectivity and high sta-bility,have a promising future in the field of catalysis.They are particularly significant for mitigating the greenhouse effect,addressing the energy crisis,and promoting sustainable development through optimal atomic and resource utilization.In the future,carbon-based SACs are expected to find broader application in the following aspects.Optimization of synthesis methods:With the continuous development in synthesis technologies,the synthesis methods of carbon-based SACs will be simpler,more efficient and controllable.Novel synthesis strategies may further improve the activity and stability of the catalysts,broadening their applications in various reactions.Diversified electrocatalytic applications:In addition to the well-researched oxygen reduction,hydrogen precipitation,and carbon dioxide reduction reactions,carbon-based SACs are also expected to impact other important electrocatalytic reactions,such as nitrogen reduction and organic electrocataly-sis.Future research will explore more possible application scenarios.Design and realization of multifunctional catalytic performance:Future research will focus on the design of carbon-based SACs with multifunctional performance,such as efficient catalysis of both oxygen reduction and hydrogen precipitation reac-tions.Such multifunctional catalysts can improve the efficiency of energy conversion and advance sustainable energy technologies.Composite applications with other materials:Future research will explore the composite applications of carbon-based SACs with other functional materials,such as metal-organic frameworks and carbon nanotubes.Such composites aim to leverage the strengths of each material to improve catalytic performance and stability.Overall,carbon-based SACs,as a promising new type of catalyst,have great potential for synthesis and electrocatalytic applications.Future research will continue to focus on optimiz-ing synthesis methods,expanding application areas,designing catalysts with multifunctional properties,and exploring compos-ite applications with other materials,to promote the application of carbon-based SACs in the fields of environmental protection and energy transition.
carbon-basedsingle atom catalysts synthesizeelectrochemical application
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