摘要
我国空间推进技术领域历经60余年发展形成了较完善的技术体系和较丰富的产品谱系,支持了载人航天、应用卫星、深空探测等重大工程应用;面向我国航天领域未来规划、重大工程和科学项目的应用需求,空间推进系统现有的技术水平存在不足,亟需谋划创新发展和突破方向.本文从电推进、化学推进、核推进、新概念空间推进等角度出发,系统梳理了空间推进系统的发展现状;重点提炼了高性能、低成本的空间推进系统支撑低轨小卫星组网发展,大推力、可重复使用的低温化学推进技术推动新型空间运输系统发展,多类型、长寿命的空间推进技术保障深空关键应用等未来应用需求.研究认为,我国空间推进技术领域面临系统可靠性和寿命亟需进一步提高、部分领域的产品成熟度与国际先进水平差距明显、产品成本高、可选推进技术种类少且重点技术研究滞后等迫切挑战,需开展顶层规划、优化技术选择,重视基础研究、构建发展机制,在重点技术方向上分类推进科研攻关,尽快实现低轨小卫星、地月空间转移、深空探测(含载人航天)用推进系统的技术突破与在轨应用.
Abstract
After over 60 years of development,the space propulsion field in China has made tremendous progress in terms of technology system and product pedigree,and has supported major engineering applications including manned spaceflight,applied satellites,and deep space exploration.However,considering the requirements of future major aerospace missions in China,the technical level of current space propulsion systems is still insufficient,and it is urgent to plan directions for the innovative development and breakthroughs of the field.This study reviews the development status of the space propulsion systems from the aspects of electric,chemical,nuclear,and new-concept space propulsion,and analyzes the requirements of future applications.Specifically,high-performance,low-cost space propulsion systems are required to support the networking of low-Earth-orbit(LEO)small satellites;high-thrust,reusable low-temperature chemical propulsion technologies are required for new space-transportation systems;and multi-type,long-life space propulsion technologies are required for deep-space applications.The results demonstrate that the space propulsion field in China still faces multiple challenges.First,the system reliability and lifespan require further improvement.Second,the space propulsion systems of China still lag behind the advanced international level in terms of product maturity of some technologies.Third,this field typically has a high product cost.Fourth,there are few types of optional technologies,and the research progress of key technologies is lagging.Therefore,we propose the following suggestions:(1)optimizing technology options through top-level planning,(2)improving the development mechanism of the field by emphasizing basic research,and(3)clarifying and promoting scientific research and development in key technological directions,thereby achieving in-orbit applications of the propulsion systems for LEO small satellites,Earth-Moon space transfer,and deep space exploration(including manned spaceflight).
国家科技期刊平台
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