Osteoporosis has become a major threat to the health and quality of life of patients with Turner syndrome(turner syndrome,TS).It has been found that in patients with TS,a combination of factors,including oestrogen deficiency,X-chromosome haploinsufficiency,alterations in FSH(follicle-stimulating hormone,FSH),vitamin D deficiency,and comorbidities(e.g.,coeliac disease and diabetes mellitus)may lead to an increase in bone fragility by altering these pathways.Compared to healthy women,women with Turner syndrome have lower bone mineral density and higher fracture rates.Available studies have not suggested follow-up anti-osteoporosis treatment for such patients.In this article,we review the potential mechanisms by which osteoporosis occurs in Turner syndrome,summarize its clinical manifestations,and provide recommendations for osteoporosis treatment in order to maximize efforts to improve the overall skeletal condition of the patients.
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