Protein translation is one of the most important events in cell fates.Protein translation control enables cells to rapidly and dynamically adapt to various stimuli.The disturbance of protein translation will lead to disease occurrence.Therefore,comprehensive understanding of protein translation machinery and its links to disease occurrence is an important issue in the field of life science.In recent years,the discovery of non-coding RNA(ncRNA)is regarded as a significant breakthrough in biology.ncRNA,widely involved in the regulation of cell processes,renders an opportunity for further insight into the protein translation machinery and its close relationship with disease.This paper systematically reviews the recent progress in the function of novel ncRNA upon protein translation and the pathogenesis of diseases.We present a new perspective that ncRNA controls of protein translation,from rRNA production and ribosome assembly,protein translation initiation and extension to non-classical translation regulation.We further summarize the functions of novel ncRNA-regulated protein translation in disease progresses,as well as the application of it as novel targets and therapeutic strategies.In conclusion,novel ncRNAs enable us to understand the precision process of protein translation machines in a new dimension,providing new ideas for the treatment of malignant diseases based on protein translation control processes.