Life-threatening viruses,such as influenza virus,SARS-CoV-2,Ebola and Dengue,have posed great challenges to public health.The immune system has complex signaling pathways for sensing these pathogens and initiating innate immune responses against infection.Emerging evidences suggest that epigenetic modifications underlie the establishment of anti-viral network and the maintenance of immune homeostasis.In this review,we focus on how post-transcriptional processes and modifications,including alternative splicing,alternative polyadenylation,RNA modification and editing,regulate host antiviral immune function and viral gene expression at the levels of RNA function.Based on these summaries,we explore how viruses modify,avoid or utilize the post-transcriptional processes to escape immune detection,and how post-transcriptional processes shape the host-virus interactions and mediate their co-evolution.We then discuss some prospects of post-transcriptional modification in the therapy of infectious or other immune related diseases and the development of mRNA vaccines.
post-transcriptional processing and modificationantiviral innate immunityimmune escapehost-virus co-evolution