Immunity and metabolism:network regulation,trade-offs,and homeostasis
The sustenance of life fundamentally hinges on two essential activities:energy acquisition and defense against infections.To cope with the survival pressure caused by environmental changes,organisms have to achieve optimal resource allocation through lifestyle diversity.These life activities and optimal resource allocation strategies rely on the synergy of metabolism and the immune system,which maintain an exquisite balance.The homeostasis between immunity and metabolism not only ensures an effective barrier against external pathogens but also secures the high-efficiency conversion of energy,pivotal for maintaining healthy.However,this delicate balance can be compromised by prolonged nutritional imbalances or sustained inflammatory states,serving as the pathological foundation for a spectrum of metabolic and autoimmune diseases.Thus,unraveling the complex interactions between immunity and metabolism is paramount for the elucidation and therapeutic management of these diseases.This review navigates through the intricate interactions and trade-offs between the immune and metabolic systems,discussing how immune cells regulate their functions through metabolic pathways and the impact of metabolic states on immune responses.Furthermore,it examines the role of the gut microbiota in influencing the immune-metabolic equilibrium,delineating how the gut microbiome orchestrates the body's health homeostasis through the gut flora-metabolic energy-immune inflammation axis.In conclusion,we provide an overview of current research and future directions in interventions targeting the immune-metabolic balance,offering new perspectives for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases and autoimmune disorders.
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