A 3D meshfree model of hard-magnetic soft materials
In recent years,magnetically activated soft materials have been widely used in designing and manufacturing soft robots and demonstrated great potential in guiding the functional design of bionic robots(such as reptile and jellyfish robots),grippers,valves,and pumps.These materials have several advantages,including superior remote control,quick response,and flexible programmability.Magnetoactive elastomers comprise micrometer-scale magnetizable particles embedded in a soft matrix and are soft active composites that respond to external magnetic stimuli.The magnetic particles embedded in soft polymers are generally classified into soft-magnetic and hard-magnetic particles.Furthermore,soft-magnetic particles have low coercivity but high permeability,and these characteristics can easily alter the magnetization under an external magnetic field.Thus,these particles are not suitable for deformation programming.Conversely,hard-magnetic particles have high coercivity and can hold residual magnetic flux density after magnetic saturation that does not change under an external magnetic field.Moreover,since the interaction of hard-magnetic particles with an external magnetic field generates microtorques,complex shapes can be formed by designing microtorque distributions.In this study,we focus on hard-magnetic soft materials,as the precise predictions of their large deformations are essential for relevant applications.The rational designs in the programmable shape morphing of ferromagnetic structures require high precision.Thus,in this study,we develop a three-dimensional meshfree model to quantitatively predict large deformations of hard-magnetic soft materials.The model is based on the radial point interpolation method,in which direct nodal integration is applied as the integration method,and the central difference scheme is implemented for the resolution procedure.We also explore bending deformations of a hard-magnetic beam and a hard-magnetic cantilever plate,twisting deformation of a hard-magnetic soft rod,and spatial deformation of a hard-magnetic beam under 3D nonuniform magnetization.The findings reveal that our proposed model can guide rational designs of ferromagnetic structures and soft continuum robots.
hard-magnetic soft materialsmagnetic actuatorsmeshfree methodradial point interpolation methodlarge deformations
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维普
