A four-band index for both liquid and solid water and its applications in the Aral Sea Basin

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外文摘要：Various investigations have been conducted to analyze the water-coverage area of the Aral Sea and the Aral Sea Basin(ASB).However,the investigations incorporated considerable uncertainty and the used water indices had misclassification problem,which made different research groups present different results.Thus we first ascertain the boundaries of the ASB,the Syr and Amu river basins as well as their upper,middle and lower reaches.Then a four-band index for both liquid and solid water(ILSW)is proposed to address the misclassification problems of the classic water indices.ILSW is calculated by using the reflectance values of the green,red,near infrared,and thermal infrared bands,which combines the normalized difference water index(NDWI)and land surface temperature(LST)together.Validation results show that the ILSW water index has the highest accuracy by far in the Aral Sea Basin.Our results indicate that annual average decline of the water-coverage area was 963 km2 in the southern Aral Sea,whereas the northern Aral Sea has experienced little change.In the meanwhile,permanent ice and snow in upper reach of ASB has retreated considerably.Annual retreating rates of the permanent ice and snow were respectively 6233 and 3841 km2 in upper reaches of Amu river basin(UARB)and Syr river basin(USRB).One of major reasons is that climate has become warmer in ASB.The climate change has caused serious water deficit problem.The water deficit had an increasing trend since the 1990s and its increasing rates was 3.778 billion m3 yearly on average.The total water deficit was 76.967 billion m3 on average in the whole area of ASB in the 2010s.However,up reaches of Syr river basin(USRB),a component area of ASB,had water surplus of 25.461 billion m3.These conclusions are useful for setting out a sustainable development strategy in ASB.

外文关键词：

Aral Sea BasinSyr river basinAmu river basinWater indicesWater-coverage areaWater deficitClimate change

作者：

Bing YUE、Xi CHEN、Saibo LI、Zhengping DU、John WILSON、Junhui YANG、Yimen JIAO、Shuangyan HUANG、Chenghu ZHOU

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作者单位：

Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi 830011,China

College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100049,China

Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Urumqi,830011,China

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China

Spatial Sciences Institute,University of Southern California,Los Angeles,CA 90089-0374,USA

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基金：

国家自然科学基金重点项目中国科学院战略规划重点项目王宽诚教育基金

项目编号：

42230708XDA20060303GJTD-2020-14

出版年：

2024

DOI：

10.1007/s11430-023-1252-9

中国科学:地球科学(英文版)

中国科学院

中国科学:地球科学(英文版)

影响因子：1.002

ISSN：1674-7313

年,卷(期)：2024.67(3)

参考文献量39