摘要
引泾灌溉是秦汉唐宋以来的一个国家大型水利工程,在两千多年的发展过程中,经历了发展、兴盛、起伏、衰败和重生,是一个极为典型的水利类型.由于泾河洪水、沙石的巨大破坏性和引泾渠首工程的不稳定性,给关中水利灌区带来诸多不确定性.宋元明清以来,发生在泾渠水利中的一系列国家治水和改造工程,以及与之相伴的水利法规、渠工经费、劳力征派、分水方案和水权制度,都是为了应对不确定性.然而事与愿违,宋代尤其是明清以来,关中水利始终未能保持长久稳定的运转,动辄处于大起大落的状态,民众不堪其苦.乾隆二年(1737)的"拒泾引泉"工程,意味着历代官员为实现泾渠汉唐气象所做的努力终归失败.
Abstract
Yinjing irrigation was a national large-scale water conservancy project since Qin,Han,Tang and Song dynasties.In the course of more than two thousand years of development,it had experienced devel-opment,prosperity,ups and downs,decline and rebirth.It was a very typical type of water conservancy.Due to the great destructiveness of the flood and sand in the Jinghe River and the instability of the diversion head project,many uncertainties had been brought to the Guanzhong irrigation area.Since Song,Yuan,Ming and Qing dynasties,a series of national water control and reconstruction projects in Jing Canal water conservan-cy,as well as the accompanying water laws and regulations,drainage funds,labor recruitment,water distribu-tion schemes and water rights system,are designed to deal with uncertainty.However,things were contrary to one's wishes.Since the Song Dynasty,especially since the Ming and Qing Dynasties,Guanzhong water conservancy had always failed to maintain a long-term and stable operation,often in a state of ups and downs,and the people could not bear it.In the second year of Qianlong(1737),the project of"refusing Jing and diverting spring"meant that all the efforts made by officials to realize Jing canal weather in Han and Tang dynasties eventually failed.
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