Analysis and evaluation of China's wetland conservation legal and policy texts from the perspective of'instruments-processes-subjects'
Legal and policy texts are the embodiment of the objectives,values,contents,and effects of national governance,and instru-ments,processes,and subjects are three important variables in such texts.However,existing research has not yet produced a compre-hensive,three-dimensional,and in-depth quantitative study of the legal and policy texts and instruments concerning China′s wetlands,which have a unique ecological value and status in the country.Therefore,with the help of the Nvivo12 research tool,this study used the text content analysis method and constructed a three-dimensional framework model of'instruments-processes-subjects'to analyze 100 wetland legal and policy texts enacted and implemented at the national level.The study found that China′s wetland laws and poli-cies went through four stages of change:the enlightenment stage,the sustainable development stage with a focus on development,the sustainable development stage with a focus on sustainability,and the green development stage.According to the three-dimensional framework and the ephemeral analysis,the choice of governance instruments and the pluralistic co-governance mode of China′s wetland laws and policies showed a strong reliance on the government,and,as a whole,presented insufficient attention to deeper conflicts and insufficient consideration of the overall situation of wetland regulations.In view of the current problems,combined with China′s wetland protection practice and institutional embedding theory,this study puts forward the following recommendations for China′s wetland con-servation:① Based on the evolution of wetland laws and policies,we should further optimize the market mechanism for the green devel-opment of wetlands by improving the natural resource rights system,improving the ecological compensation mechanism,and refining the institutional design of green financial instruments.② We should balance the use of wetland instruments by adhering to the domi-nance of command-and-control instruments and focusing on the use of new economic incentives and community-based public participa-tion instruments in order to ultimately realize the move towards multi-party wetland governance.③ We should focus on source and pro-cess control,construct a staged and graded systematic regulatory model for the wetland environment by transforming the concept of gov-ernance,establishing the idea of a dynamic staged response to wetland risks,and strengthening the articulation between the relevant systems for risk control in the whole process.
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