In order to analyze the production efficiency of China's pepper planting,the data envelopment analysis(DEA)method is employed based on survey data from the main pepper-planting provinces in 2022.The findings reveal generally low production efficiency in pepper planting across China,with significant regional differences.Variations are observed in optimal planting scale and production efficiency among pepper planters and regions.Farmers in the northeastern region demonstrate the highest production efficiency,while large-scale growers excel in the northwest.Cooperatives perform best in the Huang-Huai-Hai and central-southern regions,whereas leading enterprises show the highest efficiency in the eastern and southwestern regions.The research results indicate that the need to improve the production efficiency should target technological and management innovations according to regional characteristics and types of pepper planters.Additionally,providing policy support and technical training is essential to ensure optimal production efficiency for each pepper planters.