Impact of soil moisture products on the simulation results of super sandstorms during March of 2021 in North China
In the study of two severe sandstorms in North China during March of 2021,spatial distribution and temporal variations of 10 soil moisture products were examined,specifically in the sandstorm sources(Gobi Desert region).Four of these products(ERA5,GLDAS,NCEP/FNL,and SMAP L3)were employed to drive the WRF-CMAQ model for simulating these sandstorm events.The simulation results of these four products were assessed through comparison with actual observations from 110 cities impacted by the sandstorms,aiming to de-termine their accuracy and practicality in modeling these events.The findings reveal that:(1)Products solely based on satellite observations generally exhibited missing areas and strong spatial heterogeneity,with only SMAP L3 showing comparatively better performance.Both the"Open-loop"model products and satellite data as-similation model products demonstrated stronger uniformity in spatial distribution,and were comparatively of higher quality.(2)In the sandstorm source areas,ERA5,ERA5-Land,and SMAP L3 indicated relatively lower soil moisture,whereas AMSR2-JAXA,GLDAS,GLEAM,NCEP/FNL,and SMAP L4 showed higher soil moisture levels.(3)All four products slightly underestimated PM10 concentrations during the first sandstorm event.In the second event,ERA5 and SMAP L3 overestimated,while NCEP/FNL and GLDAS underestimated PM10 concentrations at statistical sites.The accuracy of the simulated values negatively correlated with the aver-age soil moisture in the sandstorm source areas.Among the simulation results for both sandstorm events,the SMAP L3 and ERA5 products demonstrated superior performance,followed by GLDAS.However,the NCEP/FNL product led to a significant underestimation of sand dust concentration.
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