Advances in the Regulation of Sex Hormones on Brain Sexual Differentiation
Mammalian species show different sexual behaviors,social behaviors and endocrine pathways between males and females at adult,which is caused by the sexual difference in brain.The dramatic elevation of plasma androgen during perinatal period has been demonstrated to be one of the key factors regulating brain sexual differentiation in many mammalian species.However,the specific mechanism of generation and action of perinatal androgen surges has not been fully elucidated.In recent years,Kisspeptin-mediated hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads(HPG)axis has been confirmed to stimulate the occurrence of perinatal androgen surges,while androgens cooperate with immune cells and epigenetic modifications in different regions of the brain to shape the morphology and function of the brain.In recent years,rodent models have been used to demonstrate that the upstream of androgen peak is regulated by Kisspeptin,and its downstream affects the development of brain neurons and neural circuits in different sexes through transcription level,protein modification,and immune cells.This review will focus on the research progress of the up-and downstream regulation mechanisms of androgen surge,so as to provide reference for the potential mechanisms of reproductive diseases whose incidence increased year by year in livestock and humans.
Brain sexual differentiationSex hormonesEpigenetic modificationsImmune cellsKisspeptin
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