Research Progress on the Application of Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins in Ruminant Animal Production
Proanthocyanidins from grape seeds are polyphenolic substances composed of varying numbers of flavan-3-ol units,mainly extracted from grape pomace as the primary industrial resources.These compounds exhibit various biological activities such as antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,and lipid-lowering properties.Research on the metabolic kinetics and pathways of grape seed proanthocyanidins primarily focused on humans and animal models,with the majority of flavan-3-ol compounds being metabolized into small molecule such as phenolic acids through enzymatic reactions by the gut microbiota.However,there is limited knowledge regarding the metabolism of grape seed proanthocyanidins in the digestive tract of ruminant animals.As a feed additive,grape seed proanthocyanidins can improve ruminant animal productivity,regulate rumen microbiota,and alleviate oxidative stress.This review summarizes the sources,structure,biological functions,metabolic kinetics and pathways of grape seed proanthocyanidins,as well as their effects in ruminant animal production,providing a reference for the use of grape seed proanthocyanidins in ruminant animal.
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