Bone organoid construction:challenges and countermeasures
Bone organoids are cellular structures cultured in vitro that can mimic the structure and function of real bone tissues.Currently,significant progress has been made in the researches of bone organoids,cartilage organoids,bone callus organoids,etc.These organoids can be constructed using combinations of stem cells or specific cell types and are characterized with the potential and function of osteogenesis.Despite the immense potential applications of bone organoids,their construction still faces several challenges.For instance,there are ongoing controversies regarding the types,sources,identification,and isolation methods of skeletal stem cells.Additionally,further research is needed to select and optimize extracellular matrices suitable for bone organoid construction.Vascularization of bone organoids is a crucial factor limiting their size.Meanwhile,breakthroughs in artificial intelligence technology offer new thoughts for the construction of bone organoids.Hurdles in fundamental researches and practical needs such as bone defect repair create new opportunities for the study of bone organoids.For this purpose,the authors systematically elucidated the current researches and challenges in the construction of bone organoids and discussed countermeasures to address these challenges,aiming to provide reference for researches and translational applications of bone organoids.
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