Abstract
Purpose:Given the increased risk of accidents in patients with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or maternal anxiety/depression,we aimed to investigate the frequency of the two diseases in children with penetrating eye injury (PEI).Methods:Altogether 79 children,39 with PEIs and 40 healthy individuals (control group),aged 5-15 years,underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination.Afterwards,schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-aged children was conducted to assess the psychiatric diagnosis of all children.Turgay diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV)-based child and adolescent behavior disorders screening and rating scale (T-DSM-IV-S) was filled by parents to evaluate the severity of ADHD symptoms.The depression and anxiety levels of mothers of each group were evaluated by two self-report measures:the Beck depression scale and the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI),respectively.Data were analyzed by IBM SPSS version 22.0.The Chi-square and Fisher's exact test were used to determine whether there is a significant difference between qualitative variables while independent sample t and Mann-Whitney U tests to compare quantitative variables.Results:The only diagnostic difference was a significantly higher frequency of ADHD among patients with PEIs (48.7％ in PEI vs.17.5％ in control group,x2 =7.359,p =0.007).The total scores of the T-DSM-IV-S (attention subscale U =418.000,p =0.006;hyperactivity subscale U =472.000,p =0.022) and maternal state-trait anxiety inventory (maternal STAI-state U =243.000,p =0.003;maternal STAI-trait U =298.000,p =0.021) were significantly higher in the PEI group than in control group.In logistic regression,children with PEI had a tendency to have a 3.5-fold increased risk for ADHD (OR =3.538,CI =0.960-13.039,p =0.058).Conclusion:ADHD was detected almost 1 in 2 children with PEIs.Besides,the maternal anxiety level was significantly higher in the PEI group than in the control group.This association should be further explored via a future prospective longitudinal study.Since a proper treatment of ADHD in children and anxiety treatment in mothers may prevent vision loss following PEIs in children.
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