Advanced heart failure,also known as stage D heart failure,is a complex condition that requires specialized interventions due to its resource-intensive nature.The clinical course of advanced heart failure is highly unpredictable,with various factors complicating its management.The continuous development of new drugs,enhanced surgical techniques,and device therapy has the potential to extend the life expectancy of heart failure patients.With the aging population,the prevalence of advanced heart failure is on the rise.One of the defining characteristics of advanced heart failure is the inability to adequately meet the metabolic demands of end-organs and skeletal muscle,often associated with low cardiac output syndrome.For patients who do not respond to optimized guideline-directed therapies,consideration of heart transplantation,mechanical circulatory support,and palliative care is appropriate.This systematic review examines the definition,key features,short-term and long-term management strategies,as well as palliative care for advanced heart failure.
维普
万方数据