Between 1900 and 1928,Tianjin emerged as one of China's burgeoning urban centers,a development owed in part to its strategic geographical position and distinctive societal milieu.In this era,the proliferation and growth of opera houses,along with the audience's growing esteem for opera within their social consciousness,and the acknowledged educational merits of opera by public consensus,precipitated a golden age for the dissemination and evolution of traditional operatic forms.This epoch witnessed the flourishing of Hebei Bangzi,Peking Opera,and Pingju,alongside the revitalization of Kunqu,Cantonese Opera,and the modernized'civilized opera'.Collectively,the musical life of Tianjin's opera scene reflected a trajectory marked by both progress and complexity.Additionally,this period saw a deepening in the commercialization of opera,a heightened recognition of its societal roles,a gender transition on the stage spotlighting female performers,and a shift towards the prominence of'star roles'in stage performances.
Late Qing to Early Republic EraTianjin's Operatic SceneHebei BangziPeking OperaPingjuOperatic CommercializationGender Dynamics in Opera
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