精准鉴别鲨鱼翅的种属来源，是海关等执法部门履行《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora，CITES)时面临的一项重大挑战。本研究建立了鲨鱼物种的细胞色素c氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ，COⅠ)基因DNA条形码鉴定方法，并应用此技术对珠澳口岸截获的113个鲨鱼翅样本进行分析。结果表明:本研究共鉴定出19个物种，以大青鲨(Prionace glauca)和镰状真鲨(Carcharhinus falciformis)等真鲨科物种为主;被列入2019版CITES附录Ⅱ的样本数占比56。64％，被列入2023版CITES附录Ⅱ的样本数占比90。27％。所建立的方法对全部样本均产生特异性扩增，并测得有效序列;所测得物种的种内遗传距离≤2。08％，均值为0。63％，种间遗传距离为2。42％～27。27％，均值为15。37％，最小种间遗传距离大于最大种内遗传距离，种间平均遗传距离约为种内的24倍。所有物种依据亲缘关系在系统发育树内得以有效聚类，同科物种进一步聚集成小支，小支间未见物种交叉分布。综上所述，基于COⅠ基因的DNA条形码技术能够准确鉴定鲨鱼翅的物种来源，对鲨鱼的多样性保护具有重要意义。
Establishment and application of DNA barcode identification method for species of shark fins
Accurate identification of the species of shark fins has been a significant challenge for customs and other law enforcement agencies to fulfill Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). In this study,we established a DNA barcode identification method for cytochrome c oxidase subunit Ⅰ (COⅠ) gene of shark species,applied it to 113 shark fin samples intercepted at Zhuhai-Macao Port,and identified a total of 19 species,dominated by Carcharhinidae family species such as Prionace glauca and Carcharhinus falciformis. 56.64％ of the samples were listed in the 2019 version of the CITES Appendix Ⅱ,and 90.27％ were listed in the 2023 version of the CITES Appendix Ⅱ. The analysis results showed that the established method produced specific amplifications and obtained valid sequences for all samples. The intra-specific genetic distance of the measured species was ≤2.08％ (average of 0.63％),and the inter-specific genetic distance ranged from 2.42％ to 27.27％ (average of 15.37％). The smallest inter-specific genetic distance was greater than the largest intra-specific genetic distance. The average inter-specific genetic distance was 23 times greater than intra-specific genetic distance. All species clustered in the phylogenetic tree based on their degree of kinship. Species from the same family further clustered in sub-branches. There was no cross-distribution of species among sub-branches. In summary,the DNA barcode technique based on the COⅠ gene could accurately identify the species of shark fins,which is important for the diversity conservation of sharks.
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