Research progress on the relationship between liver metastasis and tumor microenvironment in colorectal cancer
The incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer(CRC)have been increasing year by year,and liver metastasis is the main cause of death for CRC patients.Approximately 49%of CRC patients died of liver metastasis,and about 25%of them developed liver metastasis after radical resection.The interaction between various cytokines(such as chemokines,exosomes)and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment(TME)is essential for tumor metastasis.So far,the mechanism of colorectal liver metastases(CRLM)has not been fully elucidated,but some studies have shown that CRLM does not only occur in the late stage of CRC,but also in the early stage of some patients.In this paper,we summarized the current understanding of CRLM pathogenesis from genomics,pathology,and TME perspectives.And we also reviewed the latest molecular regulatory mechanisms of CRLM,as well as the mechanisms of immune cells and cytokines related to TME.Finally,the latest research findings of CRLM immunotherapy are summarized,in order to provide new insights into the comprehensive treatment for CRLM patients.
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